In addition, confidence in vaccines increased during the same period. In England, trends in vaccine coverage between 2012//19 were not homogenous and varied in magnitude and direction according to vaccine, dose and region. Coherence: attitudes towards vaccination expressed on Twitter in the UK became increasingly positive between 20 as vaccine coverage for childhood vaccines decreased. Temporality and biological gradient: the decline in vaccine coverage was preceded by an increase in vaccine confidence and a decrease in the proportion of parents encountering anti-vaccination materials. Strength of association: compared with well-documented vaccine scares, the decline in childhood vaccination seen since 2012/13 is 4-20 times smaller consistency: while coverage for completed courses of the hexavalent and meningococcal vaccines decreased by 0.5-1.2 percentage points (pp) between 20, coverage for the first dose of these vaccines increased 0.5-0.7 pp specificity: Since 2012-13, coverage decreased for some vaccines (hexavalent, MMR, HPV, shingles) and increased for others (MenACWY, Td/IPV, antenatal pertussis, influenza in 2 years of children), with no age-specific patterns. We determined whether anti-vaccination sentiment is the likely cause of this decline in coverage.ĭescriptive study triangulating a range of data sources (vaccine coverage, cross-sectional survey of attitudes towards vaccination, UK-specific Twitter social media) and assessing them against the following Bradford Hill criteria: strength of association, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient and coherence. Early that year, the BBC’s Antiques Roadshow discovered 15 more originals of the rare wartime posters.In England, coverage for childhood vaccines have decreased since 2012/13 in the context of an increasingly visible anti-vaccination discourse. Lookups for keep calm and carry on spiked in 2012, according to Google Trends. And, thanks to enterprising designers, one can flaunt their preferred calm-keeping on everything from coffee mugs to cell phone cases to throw pillows. Today, one can keep calm and do whatever it may be that gives one special pleasure, pride, or a sense of community and identity: Keep Calm and Knit On, Keep Calm and Watch Stars, Keep Calm and Go Buckeyes. Yet more went full meta: Change Words and Be Hilarious or Meme Meme and Memey Meme. Others made clever puns: Keep Calm and Carrion. Some flipped the message: Now Panic and Freak Out. In the early 2010s, the keep calm and carry on meme became so widespread that it spawned clever parodies. One can Keep Calm and Hug a Tree or Keep Calm and Hug a Texan. Variations typically follow the template Keep Calm and X: Keep Calm and Drink Tea or Drink Beer, swapping out the crown icon for a teacup or pint glass. Everyone from crafters to tweeters have riffed on the slogan. Since then, keep calm and carry on exploded as a meme. Social psychologist Alain Samson observed for Henley that “he words are also particularly positive, reassuring, in a period of uncertainty, anxiety, even perhaps of cynicism.” The poster skyrocketed in popularity after the 2008 recession, explained Foreign Affairs Correspondent Jon Henley in 2009 for The Guardian. Patrons fell in love with it, and the booksellers printed tens of thousands of copies over the decade. His wife and co-owner, Mary, framed and displayed the poster. The Keep Calm and Carry On poster languished in number and obscurity until Stuart Manley discovered a copy in 2000 tucked away in a box of old books for his bookshop, Barter Books, in Alnwick, England. It never did display the posters, and most were recycled in 1940 during a wartime paper shortage. The British government printed nearly 2.5 million copies, reserving them to boost morale in case of a particularly bad German bombing. The other two posters featured equally comforting slogans: Your Courage, Your Cheerfulness, Your Resolution Will Bring Us Victory and Freedom is in Peril Defend it with all Your Might. Who, exactly, coined the slogan is unclear. The third, and now iconic, poster flashed Keep Calm and Carry On in white, capital letters underneath an image of a crown on a bright, grabbingly red background. The basic verb phrase carry on means “to continue” doing something, but here, it specifically means “to persevere” and is often associated a British “stiff upper lip.”Īccording the UK’s official History of Government blog, the British Ministry of Information developed a series of three posters in 1939 to rally and reassure its populace as World War II ramped up.
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